Citations

  1. BI Intelligence, “Messaging Apps Are Now Bigger Than Social Networks,” Business Insider, September 20, 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/the-messaging-app-report-2015-11.

  2. BI Intelligence, “Messaging Apps Are Now Bigger Than Social Networks,” Business Insider, September 20, 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/the-messaging-app-report-2015-11.

  3. BI Intelligence, “Messaging Apps Are Now Bigger Than Social Networks,” Business Insider, September 20, 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/the-messaging-app-report-2015-11.

  4. Caroline O’Donovan, “Around the World, Media Outlets and Journalists Are Using Chat Apps to Spread the News,” NiemanLab, June 10, 2014, http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/06/around-the-world-media-outlets-and-journalists-are-using-chat-apps-to-spread-the-news/.

  5. Jedidiah R. Crandall et al., “Chat Program Censorship and Surveillancein China: Tracking TOM-Skype and Sina UC,” First Monday, no. 7 (2013),http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/4628.

  6. Asia Chats Research Team, “Asia Chats: Analyzing Information Controlsand Privacy in Asian Messaging Applications,” Citizen Media Lab.

  7. Valerie Belair-Gagnon and C.W. Anderson, “Citizen Media and Journalism,” The International Encyclopedia of Digital Media and Society, 2015.

  8. Stuart Allan, Citizen Witnessing (London: Wiley, 2013).

  9. Alastair Reid, “WhatsApp at 1 Billion: How Can Journalists Use the Chat App for Newsgathering?” First Draft News, 2016, https://firstdraftnews.com/whatsapp-at-1-billion-how-can-journalists-use-the-chat-app-for-newsgathering/.

  10. Alastair Reid, “WhatsApp at 1 Billion: How Can Journalists Use the Chat App for Newsgathering?” First Draft News, 2016, https://firstdraftnews.com/whatsapp-at-1-billion-how-can-journalists-use-the-chat-app-for-newsgathering/.

  11. South China Morning Post, “Umbrella as Symbol in Hong Kong 2014 Protests,” September 29, 2014.

  12. Pasu Au Yeung, “Hong Kong Umbrella Revolution #umbrellarevolution,” October 10, 2014, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUmbrella_Revolution_in_Admiralty_Night_View_20141010.jpg.

  13. Joseph Lichterman, “The Guardian Is Chatting About Tonight’s GOP Debate on WhatsApp,” NiemanLab, December 15, 2015, http://www.niemanlab.org/2015/12/the-guardian-is-chatting-about-tonights-gop-debate-on-whatsapp/.

  14. Alastair Reid, “WhatsApp at 1 Billion: How Can Journalists Use the Chat App for Newsgathering?” First Draft News, 2016, https://firstdraftnews.com/whatsapp-at-1-billion-how-can-journalists-use-the-chat-app-for-newsgathering/.

  15. Joshua Benton, “Here’s Some Remarkable New Data on the Power of Chat Apps Like WhatsApp for Sharing News Stories,” NiemanLab, November 20, 2014, http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/11/heres-some-remarkable-new-data-on-the-power-of-chat-apps-like-whatsapp-for-sharing-news-stories.

  16. Joshua Benton, “You’re Probably Underestimating How Much Your Articles Are Being Shared Via Text Message,” NiemanLab, October 22, 2015, http://www.niemanlab.org/2015/10/youre-probably-underestimating-how-much-your-articles-are-being-shared-via-text-message/.

  17. Felicity Morse, “How Social Media Helped Me Deal with My Mental Illness,” BBC Newsbeat, February 18, 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/35607567/how-social-media-helped-me-deal-with-my-mental-illness.

  18. Madeline Welsh, “What The Guardian Learned From Comparing Facebook Live and Periscope for Event Coverage,” NiemanLab, February 18, 2016, http://www.niemanlab.org/2016/02/what-the-guardian-learned-from-comparing-facebook-live-and-periscope-for-event-coverage/.

  19. Alastair Reid, “Closed Networks, Chat Apps and Trust: The End of Social Newsgathering?” First Draft News, 2016, https://firstdraftnews.com/closed-networks-chat-apps-and-trust-the-end-of-social-newsgathering/.

  20. Mark Little, “The People’s Republic of WeChat,” Storyful, November 24, 2014, http://blog.storyful.com/2014/11/24/the-peoples-republic-of-wechat/#.V83K-5MrLkJ.

  21. Staff, “Hong Kong Protesters Use Firechat ‘Daisy Chain’ App,” BBC News, October 1, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29448739.

  22. Trushar Barot, “Instant Messaging: BBC News on Chat Apps,” 2015, http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/skills/digital-journalism/article/art20150408142840687.

  23. Staff, “How People Use WhatsApp to Share Breaking News with the World,” BBC News, February 2, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35471694.

  24. Benjamin Mullin, “How Vox.com Plans to Reach Younger Audiences with Snapchat Discover,” Poynter, November 23, 2015, http://www.poynter.org/2015/how-vox-com-plans-to-reach-younger-audiences-with-snapchat-discover/386358/.

  25. Joe Grimm, “Live Chat Replay: What Opportunities Do Storytelling Apps Hold for Journalists?” Poynter, May 7, 2014, http://www.poynter.org/2014/live-chat-today-what-opportunities-do-storytelling-apps-hold-for-journalists/250906/.

  26. Georgia McCafferty, “Student-Run Page That Vets Protest Rumours Swamped with ‘Likes’,” October 1, 2014, https://jmsc.hku.hk/2014/10/student-initiated-protest-verification-page-exceeds-100000-likes/#sthash.zHVVhPve.dpuf.

  27. Journalism and Media Studies Centre at The University of Hong Kong, 2015, https://jmsc.hku.hk/2015/03/asia-chats-analyzing-security-and-privacy-of-mobile-messaging-apps/.

  28. Simon Cottle, “Reporting Demonstrations: The Changing Media Politics of Dissent,” Media, Culture & Society (2008): 853–872.

  29. Isabel Macdonald, “Parachute Journalism in Haiti: Media Sourcing in the2003–2004 Political Crisis,” Canadian Journal of Communication, no. 2 (2008).

  30. Simon Cottle, “Media and the Arab Uprisings of 2011: Research Notes,”Journalism, no. 5 (2011): 647–659.

  31. Paul S. N. Lee et al., “Social Media and Umbrella Movement: Insurgent Public Sphere in Formation,” Chinese Journal of Communication, no. 4 (2015):356–375.

  32. Emily Stacey, “Networked Protests: A Review of Social Movement Literature and the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement,” International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change, no. 3 (2015): 16.

  33. Trushar Barot and Eytan Oren, “Guide to Chat Apps,” Tow Center for Digital Journalism, 2015, http://towcenter.org/research/guide-to-chat-apps/.

  34. Hayes Mawindi Mabweazara, “Between the Newsroom and the Pub: The Mobile Phone in the Dynamics of Everyday Mainstream Journalism Practice in Zimbabwe,” Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism 12, no. 6 (2011).

  35. Per Skålén et al., “Cocreating the Arab Spring: Understanding Transforma-tion of Service Systems in Contention,” Journal of Service Research, no. 3 (2015): 250–264.

  36. Shauna Mottiar, “Protest and Participation in Durban: A Focus on CatoManor, Merebank and Wentworth,” Politikon, no. 3 (2014): 371–385.

  37. Paul S. N. Lee et al., “Social Media and Umbrella Movement: Insurgent Public Sphere in Formation,” Chinese Journal of Communication, no. 4 (2015): 356–375.

  38. Emiliano Treré, “Reclaiming, Proclaiming, and Maintaining Collective Identity in the #YoSoy132 Movement in Mexico: An Examination of Digital Frontstage and Backstage Activism Through Social Media and Instant Messaging Platforms,” Information, Communication & Society, no. 8 (2015): 901–915.

  39. Gulizar Haciyakupoblu and Weiyu Zhang, “Social Media and Trust During the Gezi Protests in Turkey,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, no.4 (2015): 450–466.

  40. Simon Cottle, “Reporting Demonstrations: The Changing Media Politics of Dissent,” Media, Culture & Society (2008): 853–872.

  41. Interview with a columnist, January 6, 2016.

  42. Interview with a European digital reporter, January 6, 2016.

  43. Michelle Castillo, “How a Chat App for Burning Man Turned into a Tool for Revolution,” AdWeek, March 25, 2015, http://www.adweek.com/news/press/how-chat-app-burning-man-turned-tool-revolution-163665.

  44. Staff, “How People Use WhatsApp to Share Breaking News with the World,” BBC News, February 2, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35471694.

  45. Cohen Noam, “Hong Kong Protests Propel FireChat Phone-to-Phone App,” The New York Times, October 5, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/06/technology/hong-kong-protests-propel-a-phone-to-phone-app-.html.

  46. Archie Bland, “FireChat—The Messaging App ThatâĂŹs Powering theHong Kong Protests,” The Guardian, September 29, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/29/firechat-messaging-app-powering-hong-kong-protests.

  47. Peter Shadbolt, “FireChat in Hong Kong: How an App Tapped Its Way into the Protests,” CNN, October 16, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/16/tech/mobile/tomorrow-transformed-firechat/.

  48. Interview with a European print journalist, January 5, 2016.

  49. Interview with a European print journalist, January 5, 2016.

  50. Interview with a digital news journalist, January 13, 2016.

  51. Interview with a digital news journalist, January 13, 2016.

  52. Interview with a reporter, January 5, 2016.

  53. Interview with a digital reporter, January 7, 2016.

  54. Interview with a print reporter, January 18, 2016.

  55. Interview with a print reporter, January 18, 2016.

  56. Interview with a European fixer, January 12, 2016.

  57. Interview with a former Asia foreign correspondent, January 12, 2016.

  58. Alastair Reid, “Closed Networks, Chat Apps and Trust: The End of Social Newsgathering?” First Draft News, 2016, https://firstdraftnews.com/closed-networks-chat-apps-and-trust-the-end-of-social-newsgathering/.

  59. Interview with a reporter, January 5, 2016.

  60. Informal conversation with a financial news journalist, January 12, 2016.

  61. Valerie Belair-Gagnon, Social Media at BBC News: The Re-Making of Crisis Reporting (London: Routledge, 2015).

  62. Gilad Lotan et al., “The Revolutions Were Tweeted: Information Flows During the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions,” International Journal of Communication (2011).

  63. Interview with a stringer, January 13, 2016.

  64. Interview with a European print journalist, January 5, 2016.

  65. Interview with a wire service social media reporter, January 7, 2016.

  66. Interview with a European digital fact-checker, January 6, 2016.

  67. Informal conversation with a financial news journalist, January 12, 2016.

  68. Valerie Belair-Gagnon and C.W. Anderson, “Citizen Media and Journalism,” The International Encyclopedia of Digital Media and Society, 2015.

  69. Interview with a digital news journalist, January 13, 2016.

  70. Interview with a print journalist, January 7, 2016.

  71. Interview with a European fixer, January 12, 2016.

  72. Matthew Powers, “In Forms That Are Familiar and Yet-to-Be Invented: American Journalism and the Discourse of Technologically Specific Work,” Journal of Communication Inquiry, no. 1 (2011): 24–43.

  73. Simon Cottle, “Media and the Arab Uprisings of 2011: Research Notes,” Journalism, no. 5 (2011): 647–659.

  74. Bruce Garrison, “Diffusion of Online Information Technologies in Newspaper Newsrooms,” Journalism, no. 2 (2001): 221–239.

  75. Brian Ekdale et al., “Making Change: Diffusion of Technological, Relational,and Cultural Innovation in the Newsroom,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quaterly, no. 4 (2015): 938–958.

  76. Josep Lluís Micó et al., “To Wish Impossible Things: Convergence as a Process of Diffusion of Innovations in an Actor-Network,” International Communication Gazette, no. 1 (2013): 118–137.

  77. Madeline Welsh, “What The Guardian Learned From Comparing Facebook Live and Periscope for Event Coverage,” NiemanLab, February 18, 2016, http://www.niemanlab.org/2016/02/what-the-guardian-learned-from-comparing-facebook-live-and-periscope-for-event-coverage/.

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