Citations

  1. Konstantin Nicholas Dörr, “Mapping the Field of Algorithmic Journalism,” Digital Journalism.

  2. Will Oremus, “Why Robot?” Slate, 2015, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2015/02/automated_insights_ap_earnings_reports_robot_journalists_a_misnomer.html.

  3. “AP, NCAA to Grow College Sports Coverage With Automated Game Stories,”Associated Press, 4 March 2015, http://www.ap.org/Content/Press-Release/2015/AP-NCAA-to-grow-college-sports-coverage-with-automated-game-stories.

  4. Philip M. Napoli, “Automated Media: An Institutional Theory Perspective onAlgorithmic Media Production and Consumption,” Communication Theory, 3 (2014): 340–360; Nicholas Diakopoulos, “Towards a Standard for Algorithmic Transparency in the Media,” Tow Center for Digital Journalism, 27 April 2015, http://towcenter.org/towards-a-standard-for-algorithmic-transparency-in-the-media/; Christopher W. Anderson, “Towards a Sociology of Computational and Algorithmic Journalism,” New Media & Society, 7 (2013): 1005–1021.

  5. Arjen van Dalen, “The Algorithms Behind the Headlines,” Journalism Practice, 5–6 (2012): 648–658; Matt Carlson, “The Robotic Reporter,” Digital Journalism, 3 (2015): 416–431.

  6. Stacey Vanek Smith, “An NPR Reporter Raced a Machine to Write a News Story. Who Won?” NPR, 29 May 2015, http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2015/05/20/406484294/an-npr-reporter-raced-a-machine-to-write-a-news-story-who-won.

  7. The New York Times, “Did a Human or a Computer Write This?” 7 March 2015,http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/08/opinion/sunday/algorithm-human-quiz.html?smid=pl-share&_r=0.

  8. The Daily Show, “Robot Journalists,” 2015, http://www.cc.com/video-clips/fh76l0/the-daily-show-with-trevor-noah-robot-journalists.

  9. Steven Levy, “Can an Algorithm Write a Better News Story Than a Human Reporter?” Wired, 24 April 2012, http://www.wired.com/2012/04/can-an-algorithm-write-a-better-news-story-than-a-human-reporter/.

  10. Ehud Reiter and Robert Dale, Building Natural Language Generation Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Dörr, “Mapping the Field of Algo-rithmic Journalism.”

  11. Dörr, “Mapping the Field of Algorithmic Journalism.”

  12. Harry R. Glahn, “Computer-Produced Worded Forecasts,” Bulletin of the Amer-ican Meteorological Society, 12 (1970): 1126–1131.

  13. Alfred Hermida and Mary Lynn Young, “From Mr. and Mrs. Outlier to Central Tendencies,” Digital Journalism, 3 (2015): 381–397.

  14. Levy, “Can an Algorithm Write a Better News Story Than a Human Reporter?”

  15. Scott Klein, “How To Edit 52,000 Stories at Once,” ProPublica, 2013, https://www.propublica.org/nerds/item/how-to-edit-52000-stories-at-once.

  16. “AP, NCAA to Grow College Sports Coverage With Automated Game Stories.”

  17. Hermida and Young, “From Mr. and Mrs. Outlier to Central Tendencies.”

  18. Ibid.

  19. Ibid.

  20. Diakopoulos, “Towards a Standard for Algorithmic Transparency in the Media.”

  21. “Netflix Misses Street 2Q Forecasts,” Associated Press, 15 July 2015, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/netflix-misses-street-2q-forecasts-202216117.html.

  22. Celeste Lecompte, “Automation in the Newsroom,” Nieman Foundation, 1 September 2015, http://niemanreports.org/articles/automation-in-the-newsroom/.

  23. Joanna Plucinska, “How an Algorithm Helped the LAT Scoop Monday’s Quake,” Columbia Journalism Review, 18 March 2014, http://www.cjr.org/united_states_project/how_an_algorithm_helped_the_lat_scoop_mondays_quake.php.

  24. Brandon Mercer, “Two Powerful Earthquakes Did Not Hit Northern California, Automated Quake Alerts Fail USGS, LA Times After Deep Japan Quake,” CBS SFBay Area, 30 May 2015, http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2015/05/30/4-8-and-5-5-magnitude-earthquakes-did-not-hit-northern-california-automated-quake-alerts-fail-usgs-la-times-a-2nd-and-3rd-time/.

  25. Daniel C. Bowden, Paul S. Earle, and Michelle Guy, “Twitter Earthquake Detection: Earthquake Monitoring in a Social World,” Annals of Geophysics, 6 (2011): 708–715.

  26. David Lazer et al., “The Parable of Google Flu: Traps in Big Data Analysis,” Science, 6176 (2014): 1203–1205.

  27. James Kotecki, “New Data-driven Writing Platform Enables Professionals to Create Personalized Content at Unprecedented Scale,” Automated Insights, 20 October2015, http://www.prweb.com/releases/2015/10/prweb13029986.htm.

  28. Lazer et al., “The Parable of Google Flu: Traps in Big Data Analysis.”

  29. Noam Lemelshtrich Latar, “The Robot Journalist in the Age of Social Physics: The End of Human Journalism?” In The New World of Transitioned Media, ed. Gail Einav (New York: Springer, 2015), 65–80, http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-09009-2_6.

  30. Ibid.

  31. Kurt Schlegel, “Hype Cycle for Business Intelligence and Analytics, 2015,” 4 August 2015, https://www.gartner.com/doc/3106118/hype-cycle-business-intelligence-analytics.

  32. Latar, “The Robot Journalist in the Age of Social Physics: The End of Human Journalism?”

  33. Erin Medigan White, “Automated Earnings Stories Multiply,” Associated Press, 29 January 2015, https://blog.ap.org/announcements/automated-earnings-stories-multiply.

  34. Ibid.

  35. “Case Study: Forbes,” Narrative Science, 19 May 2015, http://resources.narrativescience.com/h/i/83535927-case-study-forbes.

  36. Dörr, “Mapping the Field of Algorithmic Journalism.”

  37. Nicole S. Cohen, “From Pink Lips to Pink Slime: Transforming Media Labor in a Digital Age,” The Communication Review, 2 (2015): 98–122.

  38. Alexander Siebert, “Roboterjournalismus im Jahre 2020—Acht Thesen,” The Huffington Post, 8 August 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.de/alexander-siebert/roboterjournalismus-im-jahre-2020---acht-thesen_b_5655061.html.

  39. Levy, “Can an Algorithm Write a Better News Story Than a Human Reporter?”

  40. Dörr, “Mapping the Field of Algorithmic Journalism.”

  41. Dalen, “The Algorithms Behind the Headlines.”

  42. Carlson, “The Robotic Reporter.”

  43. Siegfried Weischenberg, Maja Malik, and Armin Scholl, “Journalism in Germany in the 21st Century,” in The Global Journalist in the 21st Century, ed. David Weaver and Lars Willnat (New York: Routledge, 2012), 205–219.

  44. Hermida and Young, “From Mr. and Mrs. Outlier to Central Tendencies.”

  45. Christer Clerwall, “Enter the Robot Journalist,” Journalism Practice, 5 (2014):519–531; Hille van der Kaa and Emiel Krahmer, “Journalist Versus News Consumer: The Perceived Credibility of Machine Written News,” Computation Journalism Conference, Columbia University, New York, 2014; Andreas Graefe et al., “Readers’ Perception of Computer-Written News: Credibility, Expertise, and Readability,” DubrovnikMedia Days Conference, University of Dubrovnik, 2015.

  46. Clerwall, “Enter the Robot Journalist.”

  47. Lance Ulanoff, “Need to Write 5 Million Stories a Week? Robot Reporters to the Rescue,” Mashable, 1 July 2014, http://mashable.com/2014/07/01/robot-reporters-add-data-to-the-five-ws/#jlMMJqbFtSq4.

  48. Kaa and Krahmer, “Journalist Versus News Consumer: The Perceived Credibility of Machine Written News.”

  49. Graefe et al., “Readers’ Perception of Computer-Written News: Credibility, Expertise, and Readability.”

  50. Kaa and Krahmer, “Journalist Versus News Consumer: The Perceived Credibility of Machine Written News.”

  51. Graefe et al., “Readers’ Perception of Computer-Written News: Credibility, Expertise, and Readability.”

  52. Ibid.

  53. Diakopoulos, “Towards a Standard for Algorithmic Transparency in the Media.”

  54. Ibid.

  55. Gregor Aisch et al., “The Best and Worst Places to Grow Up: How Your Area Compares,” The New York Times, 3 May 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/03/upshot/the-best-and-worst-places-to-grow-up-how-your-area-compares.html?_r=0.

  56. Tetyana Lokot and Nicholas Diakopoulos, “News Bots: Automating News andInformation Dissemination on Twitter,” Digital Journalism, 15 September 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1081822.

  57. Tom Kent, “An Ethical Checklist for Robot Journalism,” Medium, 24 February 2015, https://medium.com/@tjrkent/an-ethical-checklist-for-robot-journalism-1f41dcbd7be2.

  58. David Koenig, “Exxon 3Q Profit Falls by Nearly Half Amid Low Oil Prices,” Associated Press, 30 October 2015, http://www.salon.com/2015/10/30/exxon_3q_profit_falls_by_nearly_half_amid_low_oil_prices/.

  59. Lazer et al., “The Parable of Google Flu: Traps in Big Data Analysis.”

  60. Diakopoulos, “Towards a Standard for Algorithmic Transparency in the Media”; Nicholas Diakopoulos, “Algorithmic Accountability: Journalistic Investigation of Computational Power Structures,” Digital Journalism, 3 (2015): 398–415.

  61. Kent, “An Ethical Checklist for Robot Journalism.”

  62. Lin Weeks, “Media Law and Copyright Implications of Automated Journalism,” Journal of Intellectual Property and Entertainment Law, 1 (2014): 67–94; Pieter-Jan Ombelet, Aleksandra Kuczerawy, and Peggy Valcke, “Supervising Automated Journalists in the Newsroom: Liability for Algorithmically Produced News Stories,” Dubrovnik Media Days: Artificial Intelligence, Robots and the Media Conference, University of Dubrovnik, 2015.

  63. Diakolpoulos, “Algorithmic Accountability: Journalistic Investigation of Computational Power Structures.”

  64. Diakolpoulos, “Towards a Standard for Algorithmic Transparency in the Media.”

  65. Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding From You (New York: Penguin Press, 2011).

  66. Ibid.

  67. Lada Adamic, Eytan Bakshy, and Solomon Messing, “Exposure to Ideologically Diverse News and Opinion on Facebook,” Science, 6239 (2015): 1130–1132; Seth Flaxman, Sharad Goel, and Justin Rao, “Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption,” 2015, https://5harad.com/papers/bubbles.pdf; Florian Arendt, Mario Haim, and Sebastian Scherr, “Abyss or Shelter? On the Relevance of Web Search Engines’ Search Results When People Google for Suicide,” Health Communication, 2015; Martin Feuz, Matthew Fuller, and Felix Stalder, “Personal Web Searching in the Age of Semantic Capitalism: Diagnosing the Mechanisms of Personalisation,” First Monday, 2 (2011), http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3344/2766.