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  51. The Media Deserts Project, http://www.mediadeserts.com.

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  57. C.W. Anderson, Rebuilding the News: Metropolitan Journalism in the DigitalAge (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2013).

  58. Robert McChesney, Digital Disconnect (New York: New Press, 2013).

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  61. Amy Mitchell and Weisel, “State of the News Media 2016.”

  62. The Media Briefing, https://www.themediabriefing.com/article/watch-retail-to-know-the-direction-of-local-media.

  63. Josh Stearns, “New Revenue for News,” Medium, 2015, https://medium.com/the-local-news-lab/new-revenue-for-news-52-ideas-to-support-local-journalism-1ee3720a7897.

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  66. Staff, “Lee to Roll Out Paywalls by End of 2012,” Net News Check, 2012, http://www.netnewscheck.com/article/17690/lee-to-roll-out-paywalls-by-end-of-2012.

  67. Lauren Indvik, “20% of Newspapers Now Have Online Paywalls,” Mashable,2012, http://mashable.com/2012/08/28/us-newspapers-paywalls/#y4U7gM0oKmqB.

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  70. Mathew Ingram, “John Paton Says What Most Media CEOs Won’t aboutPaywalls—They Are a Short-Term Tactic at Best,” 2013, https://gigaom.com/2013/11/18/john-paton-says-what-most-media-ceos-wont-about-paywalls-they-are-a-short-term-tactic-at-best/.

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  77. Brandon Formby, “Starting Today, DMN’s Digital Readers Will See Limiton Free Articles,” The Dallas Morning News, 2016, https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2016/05/17/starting-today-dmns-prolific-digital-readers-will-see-limit-on-free-articles.

  78. Anna Clark, “Amid Big Changes in Philly Media, Startup Billy Penn SticksTow Center for Digital Journalism104 Local Journalism Surveyto Its Vision,” Columbia Journalism Review, 2016, https://www.cjr.org/united_states_project/billy_penn.php.

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  82. Member Benefits, MinnPost, https://www.minnpost.com/support/member-benefits.

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  87. Lucia Moses, “Publishers Love Newsletters, but Grapple with the Underly-ing Tech,” 2017, https://digiday.com/careers/publishers-love-newsletters-grapple-underlying-tech/.

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  91. John Dunbar and Kytja Weir, “Center Awarded $2.9 Million Grant for Coverage of State Government,” Center for Public Integrity, 2014, https://www.publicintegrity.org/2014/07/25/15152/center-awarded-29-million-grant-coverage-state-government.

  92. Andrew Lapin, “MinnPost, Voice of San Diego Set High MembershipGoals with Support from Knight,” Current, 2014, https://current.org/2014/04/minnpost-voice-of-san-diego-set-high-membership-goals-with-support-from-knight/.

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  95. Ayan Mittra, “T-Squared: We’re Crowdfunding a Series on Police Shoot-ings,” The Texas Tribune, 2016, https://www.texastribune.org/2016/06/21/t-squared-were-crowdfunding-series-police-shooting/.

  96. Evan Smith, “T-Squared: Help Us Hear More Voices from More Texans,”2016, https://www.texastribune.org/2016/11/22/t-squared-how-you-can-help-us-hear-more-voices-mor/.

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  99. , Herald and News, https://www.heraldandnews.com.

  100. Blue Mountain Eagle, Twitter, 2017, https://twitter.com/myeaglenews.

  101. Blue Mountain Eagle, “Fire crews fight blaze in southern Grant County,”2016, http://www.bluemountaineagle.com/Local_News/20160609/fire-crews-fight-blaze-in-southern-grant-county.

  102. Ibid.

  103. Blue Mountain Eagle Store, 2017, http://eopubco.mycapture.com/mycapture/enlarge_remote.asp?source=&remoteimageid=17649212.

  104. EO Media Group, LinkedIn, https://www.linkedin.com/company/1923862/.

  105. The Denver Post Store, http://www.denverpoststore.com/.

  106. The Seattle Times Store, https://company.seattletimes.com/store/.

  107. Damian Radcliffe, “Digital Tools, Active Communities,” TEDxReset, 2015,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPlFR2fQe60.

  108. “The Total Audience Report,” Nielsen, 2014, http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports/2014/the-total-audience-report.html.

  109. Jordan Crook and Anna Escher, “A Brief History of Snapchat,” TechCrunch,2015, https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-snapchat/.

  110. Kurt Wagner, “Twitter Launches Livestreaming App Periscope—Its OwnVersion of Meerkat,” 2015, https://www.recode.net/2015/3/26/11560692/twitter-launches-livestreaming-app-periscope-its-own-version-of.

  111. Owen Williams, “Facebook Now Automatically Makes Collages of YourPhotos, Adds Live Streaming for All,” 2015, https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2015/12/03/facebook-now-automatically-makes-collages-of-your-photos-adds-live-streaming-for-all/#.tnw_cNX7ovVj.

  112. Jr. Tom Huddleston, “Twitter Is Officially Shutting Down Vine Today,”Fortune, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/01/17/twitter-shut-down-vine-tuesday/.

  113. Greg Kumparak, “Meerkat, Star App of 2015, Is Officially Dead,” 2016,https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/30/meerkat-star-of-2015-is-officially-dead/.

  114. American Fact Finder, given=US Census Bureau, giveni=U. C. B.,

  115. Instagram @calhouncountyjournal, https://www.instagram.com/calhouncountyjournal/.

  116. Nic Newman, “Digital News Report,” Reuters Institute/University of Ox-ford, 2017, http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2017/overview-key-findings-2017/.

  117. Tom Rosentiel et. al., “How People Learn about Their Local Community,”Pew Research Center, 2011, http://www.pewinternet.org/2011/09/26/how-people-learn-about-their-local-community/.

  118. Amy Mitchell et. al., “Pathways to News,” Pew Research Center, 2016,http://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/pathways-to-news/.

  119. Newman, “Digital News Report.”

  120. Christopher; Donald Rosalind Radcliffe Damian; Ali, “Life at Small-MarketNewspapers: Results from a Survey of Small Market Newsrooms,” Tow Centerfor Digital Journalism, 1905, https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/catalog/ac:8pk0p2ngft.

  121. Ibid.

  122. Caitlin Petre, (2015), https://doi.org/10.7916/D80293W1.

  123. Franklin Foer, “When Silicon Valley Took Over Journalism,” The Atlantic,2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/when-silicon-valley-took-over-journalism/534195/.

  124. Bill Adair Mark Stencel and Prashanth Kamalakanthan, “The Goat MustBe Fed: Why Digital Tools Are Missing in Most Newsrooms,” Duke Reporter’sLab, 2014, http://www.goatmustbefed.com/.

  125. The Logan Journal, Twitter, https://twitter.com/loganjournal.

  126. Steve Almasy, “Ammon Bundy, 6 Others Acquitted in Oregon StandoffTrial,” CNN, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/27/us/oregon-standoff-ammon-bundy-acquittal/index.html.

  127. Sam Levin, “Rebel Cowboys: How the Bundy Family Sparked a New Battlefor the American West,” The Guardian, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/29/oregon-militia-standoff-bundy-family.

  128. Staff, “Oregon Standoff Leaders Acquitted Over Armed Protest,” AlJazeera, 2016, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/oregon-standoff-leaders-acquitted-161028001052523.html.

  129. Benjamin Mullin, “Want to Get a Journalism Job? Here Are the Skills YouNeed, According to a New Report,” Poynter, 2016, https://www.poynter.org/news/want-get-journalism-job-here-are-skills-you-need-according-new-report.

  130. Radcliffe, “Life at Small-Market Newspapers: Results from a Survey ofSmall Market Newsrooms.”

  131. Damian Radcliffe, “Seven Lessons for Publishers from the Dallas MorningNews,” The Media Briefing, 2016, https://www.themediabriefing.com/article/seven-lessons-for-publishers-from-the-dallas-morning-news.

  132. Julia Haslanger, “Part 3: What Does Being a Social Journalist Require?”Tow-Knight Center for Entrepreneurial Journalism, http://towknight.org/research/social-journalism-who-what-when-how/part-3-what-does-being-a-social-journalist-require/.

  133. Margaret Sullivan, “Journalists? Like Sharks:If You’re Not Moving Forward,It’s Over,” Repubblica, 2014, http://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2014/05/08/news/margaret_sullivan_international_journalism_festival-85541295/.

  134. J-Lab About, http://www.j-lab.org/about/.

  135. Molly de Aguiar and Josh Stearns, “Lessons Learned from the Local NewsLab,” Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, 2016, https://speakerd.s3.amazonaws.com/presentations/794c0afd58b74377a581f83ece4c1499/DodgeLocalNewsLabLessonsLearned.pdf.

  136. Staff, “Brian Wheeler,” Charlottesville Tomorrow, http://www.cvilletomorrow.org/authors/Brian_Wheeler/.

  137. Damian Radcliffe, “Five Reasons Why Engagement Is So Hot Right Now,”2017, https://www.themediabriefing.com/article/five-reasons-why-engagement-is-so-hot-right-now.

  138. Don Heider and Poindexter, “What the Public Expects of Local News:Views on Public and Traditional Journalism.”

  139. Paula M. Poindexter, “Watchdog or Good Neighbor? The Public’s Expecta-tions of Local News.”

  140. Wenzel, “Engaging Communities Through Solutions Journalism.”

  141. “,” Solutions Journalism Network, https://www.solutionsjournalism.org/.

  142. About Education Lab, The Seattle Times,

  143. Kathy Best, “Shifting Our Focus from Problems in Education to Poten-tial Fixes,” The Seattle Times, 2013, https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/shifting-our-focus-from-problems-in-education-to-potential-fixes-kathy-best/.

  144. Our Impact, Solutions Journalism, https://www.solutionsjournalism.org/impact.

  145. Kids in Crisis, PostCrescent, http://www.postcrescent.com/topic/c04d749c-4247-4a52-9d7f-0e9bd981482c/wisconsin-kids-in-crisis/.

  146. Stateside staff, “FCC Rules Changes Could Lead to Even Less Media Cover-age of Rural Areas,” Stateside, Michigan Radio, 2017, http://michiganradio.org/post/fcc-rule-changes-could-lead-even-less-media-coverage-rural-areas.

  147. Andrew Perrin, “Digital Gap Between Rural and Nonrural America Per-sists,” Pew Research Center, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/19/digital-gap-between-rural-and-nonrural-america-persists/.

  148. Damian Radcliffe Christopher Ali, “If Small Newspapers Are Going to Sur-vive, They’ll Have to Be More Than Passive Observers to the News,” NiemanJournalism Lab, 2017, http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/02/if-small-newspapers-are-going-to-survive-theyll-have-to-be-more-than-passive-observers-to-the-news/.

  149. Matt DeRienzo, “Death by 1,000 Paper Cuts,” Medium, 2017, https://medium.com/@mattderienzo/death-by-a-thousand-paper-cuts-415f4d26ef9f.

  150. ABC News, http://abcnews.go.com/.

  151. Jim Falzone, “Production: Consolidation Is More Than about Cost Reduc-tion,” Editor & Publisher, 2015, http://www.editorandpublisher.com/feature/production-consolidation-is-more-than-about-cost-reduction/.

  152. David L. Harris, “Another Boston-Area Newspaper Is Selling Off Its RealEstate,” Boston Business Journal, 2017, https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2017/06/02/another-boston-area-newspaper-is-selling-off-its.html.

  153. Staff, “Berkshire Hathaway Unit Buys Virginia Newspaper,” Reuters, 2015,http://www.reuters.com/article/us-berkshirehathaway-newspaper/berkshire-hathaway-unit-buys-virginia-newspaper-idUSKBN0UE1AM20151231.

  154. Kristen Hare, “This Week, USA Today Network Rolled Out Its SignatureBlue Dot in Online Logos around the Country,” Poynter, 2017, https://www.poynter.org/news/week-usa-today-network-rolled-out-its-signature-blue-dot-online-logos-around-country.

  155. The Storm Lake Times Staff Members, http://www.stormlake.com/content/staff-members.

  156. David Pitt, “Iowa Town’s Editor Wins Pulitzer for Taking on Farm Groups,”U.S. News, 2017, https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/iowa/articles/2017-04-10/editor-in-small-iowa-town-wins-editorial-writing-pulitzer.

  157. “Art Cullen of The Storm Lake Times, Storm Lake, IA,” The PulitzerPrizes, 2017, http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/art-cullen.

  158. Klamath Community College Digital Media Design class et.al., “KlamathCounty Birdman 360,” Herald and News, 2017, https://www.heraldandnews.com/klamath-county-birdman/youtube_e6678813-974b-53d9-98cc-0521a64f38a7.html.

  159. Gerry O’Brien, “Restoration Celebration in ’Augmented Reality’,” Heraldand News, 2016-04-26T00:00:00Z, https://www.heraldandnews.com/news/local_news/restoration-celebration-in-augmented-reality/article_02428d8e-4f53-511d-8e21-2a6d327a4449.html.

  160. Harvest of Change, The Des Moines Register, http://www.desmoinesregister.com/pages/interactives/harvest-of-change/.

  161. Subscribers, Local Matters, http://us14.campaign-archive1.com/home/?u=e417ea0aa7f5255fb7fd59b38&id=f18c3fb248.

  162. City of Roses newspapers, Association of Alternative Newsmedia, http://archive.altweeklies.com/aan/city-of-roses-newspapers/Company?oid=7677.

  163. A Strategic Partnership of Local Media Companies, Local Media Consor-tium, http://www.localmediaconsortium.com/.

  164. Chris Sutcliffe, “When Are Newspapers Like Giraffes? The Future of Local Journalism,” The Media Briefing, 2017, https://www.themediabriefing.com/article/the-future-of-us-local-newspapers.

  165. Tom Grubisich, “Despite Many New Local News Sites,âĂŸMedia Deserts’Are a Stubborn Reality,” Street Fight, 2014, http://streetfightmag.com/2014/06/26/despite-many-local-news-sites-media-deserts-are-a-stubborn-reality/.

  166. Radcliffe, “Life at Small-Market Newspapers: Results from a Survey ofSmall Market Newsrooms.”

  167. Ibid.

  168. The Electionland Coalition, ProPublica, https://projects.propublica.org/electionland/partners/.

  169. Scott Klein, “Electionland: The Inside Story,” 2017, https://www.propublica.org/article/electionland-the-inside-story.

  170. et.al., “Klamath County Birdman 360.”

  171. Howard Finberg, “Journalism Needs the Right Skills to Survive,” Poynter,2014, https://www.poynter.org/news/journalism-needs-right-skills-survive.

  172. Peter Houston, “Demonising the Duopoly Won’t Save Journalism,” TheMedia Briefing, 2017, https://www.themediabriefing.com/article/demonising-the-duopoly-won-t-save-journalism.

  173. Amy Webb, “From Storytelling to Storytooling,” Global Editors Network,2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r11q0HYg6pk&feature=youtu.be.

  174. April Glaser, “Google Is Funding a New Software Project That Will Auto-mate Writing Local News,” Recode, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/7/7/15937436/google-news-media-robots-automate-writing-local-news-stories.

  175. RADAR (Round 3), Digital News Initiative, https://digitalnewsinitiative.com/dni-projects/radar/.

  176. Radcliffe, “Seven Lessons for Publishers from the Dallas Morning News.”

  177. Ken Doctor, “Newsonomics: The Washington Post Offers an Arc in theStorm,” Nieman Journalism Lab, 2015, http://www.niemanlab.org/2015/10/newsonomics-the-washington-post-offers-an-arc-in-the-storm/.

  178. Lukas I. Alpert, “Washington Post Looks to Publishing Platform as Grow-ing Revenue Stream,” The Wall Street Journal, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/washington-post-looks-to-publishing-platform-as-growing-revenue-stream-1465383602.

  179. The Big Spur, http://247sports.com/college/south-carolina/Board/44/Contents/OT-Worth-paying-for-an-online-subscription-to-The-State-44824776.

  180. The State, http://www.thestate.com/sports/college/university-of-south-carolina/.

  181. Mercedes Bunz, “How Journalists Can Use Augmented Reality,” TheGuardian, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2010/jan/06/journalism-augmented-reality.

  182. Caleb Garling, “Virtual Reality, Empathy and the Next Journalism,” Wired, 2015, https://www.wired.com/brandlab/2015/11/nonny-de-la-pena-virtual-reality-empathy-and-the-next-journalism/.

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